VIP

Product Description

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the secretin/glucagon superfamily, first isolated from porcine intestine. VIP is expressed broadly across the central and peripheral nervous systems, lungs, intestine, and immune cells, where it functions as a neuroendocrine hormone, neurotransmitter, and immune regulator. Its biological activity is mediated through the G-protein-coupled receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2, stimulating cAMP production and downstream PKA-dependent signaling. Research applications include smooth muscle relaxation, regulation of electrolyte secretion, modulation of immune cell cytokine production, and neuroprotection via neurotrophic factor induction. VIP is also studied in the context of circadian rhythm regulation, reproductive biology, and inflammatory bowel disease models. For research use only.

Chemical Structure and Identification

• Molecular Formula: C₁₄₇H₂₃₇N₄₃O₄₃S
• Molecular Weight: 3326.83 g/mol
• CAS Number: 40077-57-4

Research Applications

• Neuroimmune and Anti-Inflammatory Research: Investigation of VIP’s suppression of LPS-induced cytokine production in myeloid cells, T-cell proliferation inhibition, and immunomodulatory signaling via VPAC receptors [1]
• Gastrointestinal and Smooth Muscle Research: Study of VIP’s role in intestinal smooth muscle relaxation, electrolyte secretion regulation, and gastroprotective effects in gut mucosal models [2]
• Neuroprotection Research: Examination of VIP-mediated neurotrophic factor release from glial cells and its neuroprotective effects on neuronal survival in ischemia and neurotoxicity models [3]
• Pulmonary and Respiratory Research: Analysis of VIP’s bronchodilator activity, lung tissue protection, and anti-inflammatory effects in respiratory disease and acute lung injury models [4]
• Peptide Reconstitution: Standard diluent for reconstituting lyophilized research peptides to desired stock concentrations prior to in vitro or in vivo experimental use [1]
• Multi-Dose Research Protocols: Enables safe multi-puncture withdrawal from reconstituted peptide vials in extended research protocols without compromising solution sterility [2]
• Stability Optimization: Used in peptide storage studies to evaluate peptide stability and degradation kinetics in aqueous solution under varying temperature and pH conditions [3]
• Laboratory Standard Preparation: Utilized as a vehicle control in pharmacological experiments to account for solvent effects in cell-based and animal model studies [4]

Reference Citations

1. Delgado M et al. (2004) – Nat Rev Immunol | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15286727/
2. PMC11462795 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11462795/
3. Brenneman DE et al. (1990) – J Clin Invest | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2384601/
4. PMC8136083 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8136083/
5. USP General Chapter 1 – Injections | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554785/
6. FDA Guidance – Bacteriostatic Water for Injection | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1568499/
7. Maa YF et al. (1998) – Pharm Res | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9755897/
8. Wang W (2000) – Int J Pharm | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10904630/

Important Regulatory Notice

These products are for research use only and are not intended for human consumption, therapeutic use, or diagnostic purposes. All compounds described herein have not been approved by the FDA for human use. These products are strictly intended for in vitro laboratory research and analytical purposes when conducted by qualified research professionals in licensed facilities. Users are responsible for ensuring compliance with all applicable laws regarding purchase and use of these materials.